Manuscript Writing Guideline
Title Page Information
Title
The title should be brief (no more than 20 words), clear, and informative, accurately reflecting the article’s content. Because titles are used in indexing and search systems, abbreviations and formulas should be avoided whenever possible. In some cases, a title may be phrased as a question.
Author's name and affiliation
Clearly state each author’s given name and surname, and make sure every name is spelled correctly. List each author’s institutional affiliation directly beneath their name. Use lowercase superscript letters after each author’s name to link them to the correct address. Provide the complete postal address for every affiliation, including the country.
Corresponding author
Clearly identify the corresponding author who will manage all communication throughout peer review, publication, and after publication. This person is also responsible for responding to any later questions about the study’s methods and materials. Ensure the corresponding author’s email address is included and that their contact details are kept current.
Highlights
Highlights are optional but strongly encouraged for this journal because they help readers quickly identify what is new and important in your article. They should be short bullet points that summarize key new findings and, if relevant, any new methods used. Submit highlights together with the manuscript as 3–5 bullet points, with about 85 character per bullet. Keep them brief—highlights are not meant to cover every idea, concept, or conclusion.
Abstract & Keywords
Text abstract - A clear, factual abstract of 200–250 words is required. It should briefly explain the study’s purpose, the main results, and the key conclusions. Because abstracts are often read independently of the full article, they must stand on their own. Avoid references whenever possible; if a citation is essential, include only the author name(s) and year. Avoid uncommon abbreviations as well—if one must be used, define it the first time it appears in the abstract.
Graphical abstract -
A graphical abstract is optional, but encouraged because it can attract more attention to the online article. It should present the main message of the paper in a simple, visual format that is easy for a broad audience to understand. Image requirements: submit an image at least 531 × 1328 pixels (height × width) (or larger in the same proportions). The content should remain readable when displayed at about 5 × 13 cm on a standard screen resolution of 96 dpi. Preferred file formats: TIFF, EPS, PDF, or MS Office files.
Keywords - After the abstract, list up to maximum of 5 keywords separated by semicolon (;). Avoid overly general terms, plural forms, and phrases that combine multiple concepts (for example, don’t use words like “and” or “of”). Use abbreviations only if they are widely and consistently accepted in the field. These keywords are used for indexing and search.
Main text
Introduction
A manuscript’s introduction should briefly review relevant literature on the research topic. It is typically written in a descriptive way, starting with a broad overview and gradually narrowing to the specific study. Usually, the first one or two paragraphs introduce the general field and the problem being investigated. The following paragraph(s) then move to more specific background and context. The final paragraph is crucial: it should clearly state the study’s research questions and explain how the study will address them.
A manuscript’s introduction should briefly review relevant literature on the research topic. It is typically written in a descriptive way, starting with a broad overview and gradually narrowing to the specific study. Usually, the first one or two paragraphs introduce the general field and the problem being investigated. The following paragraph(s) then move to more specific background and context. The final paragraph is crucial: it should clearly state the study’s research questions and explain how the study will address them.
Method
The method includes research chronological, including research design, research procedure (in the form of algorithms, Pseudocode, or other), instruments, and analysis techniques used in solving problems. Experimental methods should be given in sufficient detail to allow these to be replicated by other researchers. Where possible, the source of the various reagents and materials used in the study should be given. For literature-based studies, the theoretical framework and any modeling approach should likewise be explained in this section.
Result and discussion
The results section presents the study’s findings to the reader, often using clear and informative tables and figures. The discussion section then interprets these results to explain their meaning and suggest directions for future research. Every table and figure should be explained in the text so readers understand what the data show and why it matters. Results and Discussion should present all experiments necessary to support the paper’s conclusions, focusing only on information central to the study.
Conclusion
The conclusion should be written in paragraph form and briefly restate the main findings and key discussion points. It needs to emphasize the significance of the study, show that the research problem has been addressed, and identify remaining knowledge gaps by suggesting directions for future work. Where relevant, it may also outline potential future developments and practical applications based on the results and discussion.
Acknowledgment
This section should list the sources of funding that supported the research. It should also express thanks to individuals or organizations that contributed to the study or helped with preparing the manuscript in an academic capacity.
References
This section lists all the references cited in the text.
Introduction
The introduction of a review paper/article is more concise than the original research paper. Introduction generally consists of three main paragraphs, containing:
1. Background: contains general topics, issues, or areas of concern to illustrate the context.
2. Problems studied: contains trends, new perspectives, gaps, or conflicts between findings.
3. Motivation/justification: contains the author's reason for reviewing the literature.
Method
The materials and methods section should describe items such as the data sources, search strategies, article selection criteria, the number of studies included in the review, and the analytical or statistical methods used. Using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) approach is strongly recommended for systematic reviews. Researchers must also ensure that all data sources are clearly identified and credible.
Result and discussion
The main body of a review article should be organized around a clear and coherent topic structure. It is usually divided into subsections, for example by methodological approaches, models or theories, contrasting or supporting findings across studies, chronological development, or the geographic setting of the reviewed research. Each paragraph should focus on a single idea or topic, and typically discusses several studies, so citations per paragraph may be numerous. Every paragraph should connect the studies’ findings back to the research questions stated in the introduction, creating a continuous thread of coherence throughout the article. Where possible, include a table summarizing results from the reviewed studies. Linking studies to one another helps highlight similarities and differences, which then become the basis for discussion. In general, this body section makes up about 70–90% of the full article (excluding author details and references). Importantly, the review should be written around ideas and themes, not as a study-by-study list of the literature.
Conclusion
Conclusions should summarize the implications of the findings, present the authors’ interpretation, and point out any research questions that remain unresolved. A strong conclusion also acknowledges the study’s limitations and offers recommendations for future research.
Acknowledgment
This section should state the sources of funding that supported the research. It should also acknowledge and thank individuals or organizations who contributed to the study or helped with preparing the manuscript in an academic capacity.
References
This section lists all the references cited in the text.
Artwork
Presenting a Figure/Illustration
A figure can communicate more effectively than text, so along with tables, figures are one of the most efficient ways to present research results. Figures should be prepared in high quality and sharp resolution. Using graphing or curve-fitting software and its analytical tools is strongly recommended to produce clear, well-presented graphics.
A figure can communicate more effectively than text, so along with tables, figures are one of the most efficient ways to present research results. Figures should be prepared in high quality and sharp resolution. Using graphing or curve-fitting software and its analytical tools is strongly recommended to produce clear, well-presented graphics.
General points
- Avoid graphic plots that are too crowded.
- Use the appropriate axis.
- Symbols and data sets must be clear, easily distinguishable.
- Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your original figure/artwork.
- Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text.
- Figures should always be cited in text in consecutive numerical order.
- Figure parts should be denoted by lowercase letters (a, b, c, etc.).
- If an appendix appears in your article and it contains one or more figures, continue the consecutive numbering of the main text. Do not number the appendix figures, "A1, A2, A3, etc."
- Examples of using Figure, available in the manuscript/paper template.
Figure captions
Make sure every figure includes a caption. The caption should provide a short title (placed in the caption, not inside the figure) and a brief explanation of what the figure shows. Keep text within the figure to a minimum, but define and explain all symbols and abbreviations used.
Permissions
If you use figures that were previously published, you must obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) for both print and online use. In these cases, the reused material must be properly acknowledged and credited to the original source.
Tables
- Please submit tables as editable text and not as images.
- Tables can be placed either next to the relevant text in the article, or on separate page(s) at the end.
- Number tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text and place any table notes below the table body.
- Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in them do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.
- Please avoid using vertical rules and shading in table cells.
- Tables should always be cited in text in consecutive numerical order.
- Examples of using Figure, available in full in manuscript/paper template.
unit
Use the International Units system. You can find it here or here
Math formulae
Vectors and tensors should be clearly identified in the manuscript. Equations should be numbered consecutively in parentheses, with the equation number placed on the right-hand side, and each equation should be cited in the text. Use nested brackets in the order ( ). Mathematical symbols and formulas should be typed, and authors should take care to define all symbols clearly and avoid ambiguity—especially distinguishing 1 from l, and 0 from O. If many symbols are used, include a separate nomenclature list explaining each symbol and its meaning. Write parameters in italics (except subscripts). For standards on units, abbreviations, and symbols, refer to British Standards BS 350 (1991) and BS 3763 or ISO/R 31.
references
Citation in text
Make sure that every source cited in the text appears in the reference list, and that every entry in the reference list is cited in the text. Any references mentioned in the abstract must be written out in full. Unpublished data and personal communications should generally not be included in the reference list, though they may be mentioned in the text. If they are included in the reference list, they must follow the journal’s reference style and replace the publication date with “Unpublished results” or “Personal communication.” Citing a work as “in press” means it has already been accepted for publication.
Web references
For online sources, at minimum include the full URL and the date you last accessed it. Add any other available details as well (such as DOI, author name(s), publication date, and the original source or publisher). Web references may either be placed in a separate section under a different heading (for example, after the main reference list) or included directly within the reference list.
References style
JBAST using Elsevier Vancouver style. Citation and reference systems must use the Reference Management System such as Mendeley, EndNote, Zotero.
Language (usage and editing services)
Write the manuscript in clear, correct English. You may use either American or British English, but do not mix the two styles. Authors who think their manuscript needs help with grammar, spelling, or scientific English are encouraged to use an English-language editing service. Manuscripts submitted in Bahasa Indonesia will be edited and translated for a fee charged to the authors (proofreading is approximately IDR 300,000.- per 1,000 words).
Manuscript/paper template
Manuscript/paper template of original research paper & case study
English version
Manuscript/template of a review paper
English version
Submission paper - A submission paper must be written with the manuscript template. It is important to understand that the author has read all the menus in the Guide for Authors before submitting manuscripts to the journal through our submission system. The following is an example of a submission paper.
